What Was Thatcherism In What Sense Was It Radical Or Conservative Essay

What Was Thatcherism In What Sense Was It Radical Or Conservative - Essay Example The first is that in 20th-century Britain she was the only leader to govern over three consecutive general elections, and through eleven years of service as Prime Minister she set the record for that century. Second, as the first and so far only woman British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher is strikingly the one individual to bequeath her name to an operative philosophy for a political course of action and modus operandi known as Thatcherism.1 Among other things, the philosophy is said to have initiated the movement from government to governance in which greater centralization, or a stronger state, is seen as paramount for the creation of a more energetic free market.2 In the wake of the 1978-1979 winter of discontent, after the Labour Party had been plagued with a stifling series of strikes by public service employees demanding better wages, the Labour government succumbed to union demands for a wage increase. The settlement met with scathing censure by Thatcher, who initiated the call for a vote of No Confidence. The subsequent 311-310 vote, left the ruling Labour Party and its government overwhelmingly defeated.3 Margaret Thatcher, as leader of the Conservative Party, campaigned for a fresh start by advocating energetic trade union control, an assertive market economy, free enterprise, radical reductions in government spending, tax cuts, a stable currency, and a reinvigorated foreign policy. Thatcher believed in private enterprise and personal accountability, and took a strong stand for family values, home ownership, reasonable personal savings, improved educational prospects, and renewed commitment to law and order.4 Thatcher's government steadily weakened trade union muscle, specifically with a determined response to the coal miners' strike of 1984-1985. The passage of measures such as rate capping and the introduction of the conflict-ridden Poll Tax in 1989 were initiated in an attempt to curb local government expenditure.5 In addition, the elimination of specific metropolitan councils, such as the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986, were moves intended to further check local government power.6 Another long-term effort to promote consumerism and individual initiative was to privatise a large number of formerly state-owned businesses such as British Aerospace, The National Bus Company, Associated British Ports, Jaguar, and British Telecom, to name just a few.7 In addition, Thatcherism professed a strong thrust for nationalism as evinced in the Conservative government's forceful response to the 1982 clash with Argentina over the Falklands.8 In Thatcher's last term, as a consequence of rifts in the cabinet over matters concerning the European Community, the wholesale antagonistic reaction of the public to the London Poll Tax, a negative stance on the part of many to her assertive style as Prime Minister, and ultimately the diehard intransigence of much of her own Conservative Party, Thatcher resigned in 1990.9 Even though the economy in the United Kingdom enjoyed improvement in the late 1980s, in the years following Thatcher's administration, a grave economic decline with high unemployment ensued.10 Still, Thatcherism seems to enjoy a certain theoretical resilience in the face of the rational and empirical imperfections of its ephemeral results.11 If Thatcherism reflects a governing philosophy built on the policies and style of leadership of Margaret Thatcher, the broader spectrum of its interpretation and application reaches beyond Thatcher's own elucidation to entail lasting political imperatives for a conglomerate of free markets, fiscal discipline, strong control over public expenditure, tax incentives, nationalism, Victorian

High School and Tina Essay Example for Free

High School and Tina Essay Even my mother knows I am wasting my time there. Counselor- What makes you dis-like school and hate everyone? Tina- I just do. Everyone picks on me and bullies me. I don’t fit in. No one cares what happens to me. Counselor- Well what makes think you don’t fit in? Tina- I don’t get along with anyone. I think the kids don’t like me because I am fat. Counselor- So that’s why you don’t think you fit in with your peers. Tina- SILENCE Yeah, I am always late, I am in trouble all the time, and dumb. I am overweight and so is my family. It’s really embarrassing cuz (because) they don’t care about anything, especially me. Counselor- I see talking about your family makes you really upset. Have you talked to your mom about how you feel about school? Tina- No. Not really. Counselor- Maybe you can sit down and talk to her about your grade and how you feel. Tina- Why should I talk to her about school and what I feel when she doesn’t even show up for parent teacher meetings? Counselor- Has she told you why she does not go to the meetings. Tina- Yeah, she told me she is too ill to go and I am just fine at home. Counselor- Would you like to do better in school and go on to the 8th grade. Tina- No, I give up with school. Counselor- What would you do if you dropped out? How would you get a job? Tina- I do not know. I would become a hair dresser; you don’t need school for that. Counselor- Is that what you want to do? Tina- Yeah, I like doing hair. Counselor- Did you know that you need a high school diploma for beauty school? Tina- Really No I didn’t know. Counselor- So how do you think you will get in if you don’t finish seventh grade. Tina- I guess I do need to finish seventh grade. Counselor- Alright, how about we look for a good technical school that offers cosmetology so you can work on becoming a hair dresser? Does that sound like a good idea? Tina- Yeah that sounds good, I like that idea. Counselor First we need to get through the end of 7th grade and move on to 8th. Tina- I can do that, but getting to school is difficult. Counselor What about getting up one hour earlier and getting mom up as well? Tina- Maybe, I do only get up 5 minutes before I school starts. Counselor- So getting up earlier and going to bed a little earlier is a goal you can work on. Tina- Ok, I would like that. I need to go to bed earlier. I am actually really excited. I can’t wait to go home and look up beauty schools and new styles. Then maybe I can make some new friends to because I can do their hair. Counselor- I am glad you have something you aspire to. You have a great positive attitude. I could see you making a great beautician. I am looking forward to hearing about some research you did and new hair styles you have looked at. I would like to work on getting your grades up so you can get into that technical school. Are you wanted to tell mom what you want to do when you pass? . Tina- Yeah, I cannot wait to tell her. I think she will be excited with me. Thanks.

George Bernard Shaw and His Short Story About the Cremation of The Narr

George Bernard Shaw and His Short Story About the Cremation of The Narrator's Mother   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a written exerpt from a letter about the cremation of his mother, George Bernard Shaw recalls her â€Å"passage† with humor and understanding. The dark humor associated with the horrid details of disposing of his mother's physical body are eventually reconciled with an understanding that her spirit lives on. He imagines how she would find humor in the bizarre event of her own cremation. The quality of humor unites Shaw and his mother in a bond that transcends the event of death and helps Shaw understand that her spirit will never die. The reader is also released from the horror of facing the mechanics of the cremation process when â€Å"Mama's† own comments lead us to understand that her personality and spirit will live on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaw's diction is effective in conveying his mood and dramatizing the process of cremation. The traditional words of a burial service â€Å"ashes to ashes, dust to dust† are not altered for the cremation, the interior chamber â€Å"looked cool, clean, and sunny† as by a graveside, and the coffin was presented â€Å"feet first† as in a ground burial. In selecting aspects of a traditional burial service, Shaw's mood is revealed as ambivalent toward cremation by imposing recalled fragments of ground burial for contrast. Strangely fascinated, he begins to wonder exactly what happens when one is cremated. This mood of awe is dramatized a... George Bernard Shaw and His Short Story About the Cremation of The Narr George Bernard Shaw and His Short Story About the Cremation of The Narrator's Mother   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a written exerpt from a letter about the cremation of his mother, George Bernard Shaw recalls her â€Å"passage† with humor and understanding. The dark humor associated with the horrid details of disposing of his mother's physical body are eventually reconciled with an understanding that her spirit lives on. He imagines how she would find humor in the bizarre event of her own cremation. The quality of humor unites Shaw and his mother in a bond that transcends the event of death and helps Shaw understand that her spirit will never die. The reader is also released from the horror of facing the mechanics of the cremation process when â€Å"Mama's† own comments lead us to understand that her personality and spirit will live on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaw's diction is effective in conveying his mood and dramatizing the process of cremation. The traditional words of a burial service â€Å"ashes to ashes, dust to dust† are not altered for the cremation, the interior chamber â€Å"looked cool, clean, and sunny† as by a graveside, and the coffin was presented â€Å"feet first† as in a ground burial. In selecting aspects of a traditional burial service, Shaw's mood is revealed as ambivalent toward cremation by imposing recalled fragments of ground burial for contrast. Strangely fascinated, he begins to wonder exactly what happens when one is cremated. This mood of awe is dramatized a...

Gender Roles in Society Essay -- Gender Studies

Gender Roles in Society Gender role is a commonly discussed subject in society. Gender role simply defined is a person's inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Society and culture are also very important in relation to this subject. This means different societies and cultures may produce children and later, grown men and women, who have quite different views of a man or a woman's place in the world around them, often determined by their culture's gender stereotypes. These topics will be explained and compared to each other later on. How to implement a gender free childcare environment will also be discussed. Children begin to learn their gender roles at a very young age. Boys must learn what boys and men do, what they like, and even how they think and feel. Females do likewise as they learn the roles for girls and women. This is called gender stereotyping. When children seem already aware of differences between what men and women wear and do, then children are deeply involved in this search for these "rules," and later on can often apply gender-specific labels to toys, activities, types of work around the home, and even adult occupations. This how the children, since they were born, step-by-step came to learn their gender roles. We see gender roles and the results of gender stereotyping around us every day in the society. In our homes, there are often certain tasks that are usually carried out by a man - cutting the lawn, for example, or fixing a broken washing machine - and others, like the bulk of the cooking and the washing up - that often are almost always done by the woman. The stories we watch on TV and in the movies often follow exactly the divisions of sexual roles that so many cultur... ...cussing adults, I would show the children pictures of female doctors and male nurses and find other ways to show that almost all occupations are now open to both of the sexes. Children learn from their play about what the world is, or should be. They learn new skills and about new possibilities. I would not be disappointed if the boys still liked their toys more in the end and the girls sometimes preferred housekeeping to the monkey bars. The important thing is to provide openness and diversity of choices. There are biological sexual differences between men and women, of course, but gender roles are often imposed on children by the culture around them. As an ECE educator I believe that I need to promote un-biased play activities and teach children in an open and diverse environment so that each child can discover on their own who she is and what he wants to be.

Earth Day and Human Evolution: The Humbling of Humans Essay

The celebration of Earth Day marks a stage in the development of human global awareness and thus an important step, however small or tentative, in sustained human evolution. Earth Day is all about us, as a specie, trying to reconnect with the environment that has allowed us to evolve and continues to provides us with the spatial and material context within which we continuously learn and thus evolve further. Humans are but an animal Specie, albeit a privileged one for its sentience, in the so-called Spaceship Earth. Humans were â€Å"born† in the womb of this living spaceship with its potentially finite and changing resource base. Earth has provided the unique combination of elements and conditions for a sentient carbon-based life form to evolve from being a possibly simple bacteria-like existence, to become the dominant, earth ravaging specie proudly known to itself as Homo Sapiens. Part and product of the process of evolution is the creation of awareness and consciousness. Humans, as far as we know, are the only fully self-aware and conscious of all animals with his/her ability to conceptualize, think in abstractions, and even laugh at himself and his ways. This ability to think in abstract terms has led to the notion of celebrations and Earth Day is one such human creation. The designation and celebration an Earth Day marks the maturation of the human specie, in a manner of putting, as it suggests a global awareness of the specie’s need to survive given its exploding population and resource requirements. For the specie to evolve further, it must first address the more basic issue of survival. Survival in the world today means addressing global or earth-level concerns and the celebration of Earth Day is just one simple and humble way by which humans have been humbled by the Environment.

Pronouncing the Decimal Comma in Spanish

Pronouncing the Decimal Comma in Spanish Its pretty much as you might have guessed: In casual usage, you can pretty much follow the convention of English, except that instead of saying something like three point two five, you can use the Spanish word for comma, which is coma: tres coma dos cinco. International Standard of Using Decimal Commas The international standard is to use a comma in numerals where English would use a decimal point. But the Royal Spanish Academy does recognize use of the decimal point (or period) when used by Spanish-speaking people in English-language countries, and in those parts of Latin America (such as Mexico) where English-language influence has led to use of the decimal point. In those areas, 3.25 can be pronounced as tres punto dos cinco. A more formal way of pronouncing the same number, and one that doesnt depend on how it is written, is tres enteros y veinticinco centà ©simos (the y is often omitted), the equivalent of three and twenty-five hundredths. (Entero is used to refer to whole numbers.) Youll hear some speakers use cà ©ntimos instead of centà ©simos to refer to hundredths in this context. The number could be rounded down to 3,2 (or 3.2 in parts of Latin America), which would be tres coma dos or tres enteros y dos dà ©cimos (three and two-tenths).

Free Essays on Housing

Native Americans ! Housing and Construction Some Native American houses that appear simple, such as the Inuit igloo or the Florida Seminole chikee, are quite sophisticated: The igloo (Inuit for â€Å"house†), usually made of hide or sod over a wood or whalebone frame, is a dome with a sunken entrance that traps heat indoors but allows ventilation; the chikee, naturally air-conditioned, consists of a thatch roof over an open platform. The tepee of the Plains peoples constitutes efficient housing for people who must move camp to hunt; tepees are easily portable and quickly erected or taken down, and an inner liner hung from midway up the tepee allows ventilation without drafts, so that the enclosed space is comfortable even in winter. Some peoples in cold climates that were well supplied with wood, such as the peoples of Tierra del Fuego and the Subarctic Athabascan-language peoples, relied on windbreaks with good fires in front, rather than on tents. Many other peoples spent cold weather in dome-shaped houses that were sunk well into the ground for insulation. Mesoamerican and Andean peoples constructed buildings of stone and cement as well as of wood and adobe. Public buildings and the houses of the upper class were usually built on raised-earth platforms, with a large number of rooms arranged around atria and courtyards. Eskimos Igloos (Inuit iglu, â€Å"house†) are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer, and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood or whalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or turf. The entrance is a long, narrow passage, just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees. During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build winter houses of snow blocks piled up into a dome shape. Such snow houses, rare in Greenland and unknown in Alaska, were once permanent winter houses of the Inuit of central and eastern Canada. In the 20th century, however, ... Free Essays on Housing Free Essays on Housing Native Americans ! Housing and Construction Some Native American houses that appear simple, such as the Inuit igloo or the Florida Seminole chikee, are quite sophisticated: The igloo (Inuit for â€Å"house†), usually made of hide or sod over a wood or whalebone frame, is a dome with a sunken entrance that traps heat indoors but allows ventilation; the chikee, naturally air-conditioned, consists of a thatch roof over an open platform. The tepee of the Plains peoples constitutes efficient housing for people who must move camp to hunt; tepees are easily portable and quickly erected or taken down, and an inner liner hung from midway up the tepee allows ventilation without drafts, so that the enclosed space is comfortable even in winter. Some peoples in cold climates that were well supplied with wood, such as the peoples of Tierra del Fuego and the Subarctic Athabascan-language peoples, relied on windbreaks with good fires in front, rather than on tents. Many other peoples spent cold weather in dome-shaped houses that were sunk well into the ground for insulation. Mesoamerican and Andean peoples constructed buildings of stone and cement as well as of wood and adobe. Public buildings and the houses of the upper class were usually built on raised-earth platforms, with a large number of rooms arranged around atria and courtyards. Eskimos Igloos (Inuit iglu, â€Å"house†) are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer, and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood or whalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or turf. The entrance is a long, narrow passage, just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees. During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build winter houses of snow blocks piled up into a dome shape. Such snow houses, rare in Greenland and unknown in Alaska, were once permanent winter houses of the Inuit of central and eastern Canada. In the 20th century, however, ...

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Essays - Membrane Technology

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Essays - Membrane Technology Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Dr. Alan Rizzo IB Biology SL Year 1 October 10, 2013 Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Activity Activity A Glucose concentration Time (min)Observation Glucose stripLugols solution (Starch indicator)Dialysis tube of glucose starch solution 0Test pad has green color, indicating 300mg/dL of glucose.Dark and transparent amber with tints of red. It is not uniform: contains dark spots of red color. Solution has translucent, pale, milky, cloudy white color. 3Test pad is yellow with a tint of green in various spots, indicating the concentration of glucose as being less than 100mg/dL. 15Test pad is very dark with green color, indicating glucose concentration of 1000mg/dL.Transparent, paler yellowish brown with tints of lighter shade of orange.Solution becomes less translucent and less milky. Data collection Conclusion and Evaluation From this experiment, it is perceived that the size of molecules matter when passing through a semi-permeable membrane. The dialysis tube initially contained only starch and glucose molecules. But because it was submerged in Lugols solution that had higher concentration of Iodine for a period of time, as a result of diffusion, indicator solutions molecules that consisted of iodine naturally moved from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. On the other hand, glucose and starch are both macromolecules that are large in size. Glucose molecules are smaller, and some of them were able to diffuse through the dialysis membrane into Lugols solution while starch molecules were too large and remained in the dialysis tube. In the end, molecules in Lugols solution and glucose molecules were present outside the tube. Inside the tube, there were Lugols solutions molecules, remaining glucose molecules and starch molecules. The concentration of all solutions is balance d inside and outside the dialysis tube consequently. This experiment showed one systematic error. The dialysis tube, after being in amber-colored Lugols solution for a long time, should turn darker or black in color. Becoming darker in color indicates the diffusion of Lugols solutions molecules that pass through the membrane. In order to clarify this error, more trials of this experiment should be conducted on several dialysis tubes, which will cause the data to be less anomalous and more accurate. Activity B Potato sticks and salt concentration Introduction Hypothesis: The longer the time period potato sticks are left in salt solution, the more flexible they will become as most potato cells will be in the state of hypertonic solution. Potato sticksObservation - Effects of salt solution on potato sticks) BeforeAfter Rigid, bendable, rough Snaps broken Pale yellow Average length of 3 cmExtremely flexible Paler shade of yellow Does not snap broken when bent Average length of 2.9 cm Data collection Conclusion The experiment proves my hypothesis correct. This experiment causes potato cells to shrink as a result of osmosis diffusion. Initially, the concentration in potato cells is high, while the concentration of water in salt solution. Osmosis, movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, caused water molecules within each cell to diffuse out into the salt solution in order to create equilibrium of concentration both in and outside the potato cells. Consequently of the decrease in amount of water in each cell, the flexible cellular membrane was pulled in and more wrinkled-like; the cell shrank in general. With cells now shrank and less rigid, potato sticks became more bendable and very flexible. Activity C Red onion cells and 2% NaCl solution Introduction Hypothesis: If red onion cells are exposed to 2% NaCl solutions drop longer, cell membranes will shrink further, as a result of becoming hypertonic solution. Conclusion This experiment demonstrated the process of osmosis and supports my hypothesis. By using the microscope, it was noticeable that red onion cells cell membranes were shrunk after a drop of 2% NaCl solution was put on the coverslip. It was the result of osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. When NaCl solution was dropped on the coverslip and entered red onion cells, the internal environment of each cell is more concentrated in terms of water. Consequently, the water molecules left the cells for the external environment, which had lower concentration of water molecules in order to create equilibriums inside and outside of the cell. The cell walls did not shrink as they serve as

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Not sure - Essay Example The Navigation Act trade law that was passed by the British parliament in 1651 mandated that the colonists only sell their products to Britain. Furthermore, the colonists were required to pay soaring taxes on goods imported from Dutch and France. Nevertheless, these policies ensured that the colonies and Britain benefited equally. Despite the numerous trade restrictions imposed by the British government the colonial merchants thrived. In 1754, the French and the English were embattled in a war for the control of North America. It is necessary to note that ‘the French also had colonies in North America during the 1600s and 1700s.’ The British and her colonies defeated the French in 1763, taking almost all of the land occupied by the French. Another impact of the victory was that it created tensions between the British colonies and the ‘motherland.’ Great Britain had incurred huge debts in fighting the war. The colonies also benefited from the victory; therefore, Britain felt that it is necessary for the colonists to aid in paying the debts incurred during the war. Therefore, the Stamp Act came into force in 1765. This law required all colonists to pay taxes in order to get an official stamp on newspapers, deeds, wills and other printed material. This move by the British government to impose taxes outraged the colonists in America. In addition, throughout history they had never directly paid taxes to the British government. Their argument was that the Stamp Act desecrated the natural rights of colonists, and they resolved that the British government was wrong to tax them without representation. According to the British system of governance representatives of citizens in parliament, defined the tax rates agreeable with their people. However, in this case the colonists had no representatives in parliament, and thus they saw it as an act of injustice that ought to be resisted (Bailyn). This tax laws fostered the growth of hostility between the colonists

Social Responisbility and marketing ethics Coursework

Social Responisbility and marketing ethics - Coursework Example Employees also require more than just a paycheck and the society generally requires the firm to be a better corporate citizen, employ from the community, take care of the environment and so on. Regulators require the firm to tow the legal line and communities expect firms to be philanthropic enough and give back by reaching out to the community and assisting them in what they do. Milton Friedman, who was an American statistician, economist as well as a writer is accredited with the above statement. Some examples of socially responsible product decisions include; the Body Shop created a lasting business model by virtue of investing in the development as well as encouragement of products that shun animal testing in addition to using ingredients that are environmentally friendly. The second is decision by Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics –spent 3 years on research and development to come up with a soap not made from palm oil (Bryan, 2010). The concept of sustainability is a step in the right direction and that businesses should embrace since it creates the potential to maintain a system functioning indefinitely without necessarily depleting resources, maintains economic viability as well as nourishing the requirements of not only the present but also future generations. Though there are rising indications that many American businesses at present are not sustainable, there have been efforts to make others sustainable. A number of visionary business managers and owners are already assisting create consensus by building and maintaining organizations that are sustainable (Steven, 2013). To those who feel that marketing is manipulating the consumer, the answer would be that they need to realize that marketing exists since there is a product developed by a company that it needs to sell to people. A company therefore will use any possible means to make sure that consumers are aware of the product so they can go out and buy the

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Education - Essay Example After the final work, you will find the areas in your work I edited. The ideas I added are typed in RED to make you spot the new additions. I have also attached one more article that I used. If your teacher requests for it, you may provide it to him. Thank you and hoping we work again in the nearest future since my field is Education. Isaac #72032 TUI UNIVERSITY Grear Dale III MAE 515 MOD 3 SLP Dr. Xiaoying Wu February 21, 2011 Texas Public School System Education is an important aspect of society. In the view of Goer (2007), education has an enormous impact on the human society. It trains the human mind to think and take the right decision. To this effect, human is regarded as a rational being and distinguished from other animals when he is educated to take control of himself and over the environment around him. Education therefore equips humankind with the knowledge to take charge over his immediate environment and make it suitable for his existence. It is for the reason of this im mense impact of education that States all over the world adapt educational systems that will be most suitable to the needs of its citizens and help solve the immediate problems of its people. To ensure that the adapted educational system meets the expectation of society, there are systems put in place to check for success and progress of the entire educational system. Checking for success of the educational system includes checking whether the curriculum answers the most immediate perturbing issues of society and whether stakeholders in the educational system; including students and teachers are living up to the standards of the educational system. The system that is used for checking whether the educational system is up to standard is commonly referred to as assessment. In the State of Texas, the public school system is one of the most esteemed forms of education. Texas’ public school system continues to use a variety of assessments in which to evaluate curriculum and teache rs/instructors. Assessments are conducted by students in determining where their school ranks within districts throughout the state. The rankings are not always used in a positive manner. Some assessments are in an attempt to solicit student enrollment into certain school districts. The State of Texas’ overall intent for its ranking procedure and policies is also used to promote schools as Magnet schools, which is a positive step to improve student outcomes. Magnet schools throughout the state of Texas receive much more funding regular schools. It focuses on special funding for special programs and compensation to teachers/instructors who deliver their curriculum to a certain standard. It is noticeable that the typical standard school receives far less funding and therefore students are less likely to receive the same standard of education. The intent of this analysis is to compare certification programs and evaluation requirements for teachers as well as students within the state of Texas school districts. What is a Magnet School? The article â€Å"Public School Review,† suggest that the difference between a Magnet and regular public schools â€Å"is that they usually have something special to offer over a regular school, which makes attending Magnet schools an attractive choice to many students, thereby increasing the diversity of the student population within them.† (Chen, 2007) Students who are privileged to enroll in Magnet schools

Implications of Organisational Identification Essay

Implications of Organisational Identification - Essay Example A clear and meaningful strategy supported by the staff is a key component of organization’s functional efficiency and financial success, if the organization is a for-profit business. So, the question managers frequently ask themselves is how to achieve that state of business performance when the company is totally supported by its employees in all of its goals and urges. Devotion, loyalty, hard work, passion and efficiency is what each business wishes to see in its employees. However, it is not always easy to hire or bring up employees that feel themselves as a part of the company. Still, a potential solution exists. The concept of organizational identification is what can help an employer to achieve such a goal. Since organizational identification is a rather important aspect of organizational behaviour, the goal of this paper is to research and analyse various aspect of organizational identification. In particular, the given work will present the concept of organizational id entification in relation to employees’ performance, business communication and corporate social responsibility. Body According to Dutton, Dukerich and Harquail (1994, 240), organizational identification refers to how a person perceives one’s own identity and self-concept in relation to organizational identity. It means that organizational identification is about how an individual sees oneself in the organization, how organizational goals and strategies are aligned with those of the individual. So, it can be said that organizational identification is the degree to which employees associate themselves with the employing organization, as well as what common attributes the organization and the individual have. Belonging to a certain group, such as family, race, sex, company or society, for instance, forms social identity of an individual – that is person’s knowledge and feeling of belonging to some social group (Tajfel 1972, 31). On the other hand, individual s are the ones who help such groups to survive. The positive effect of person’s feeling as a part of some group is in-group favouritism (Bartels 2006, 1). Such favouritism leads to individual’s being cooperative towards other members of the group, singling that group out, and showing corporate citizenship behaviour in an organization. So, in relation to corporate environment, such in-group favouritism is called organizational identification. Mael and Ashforth (1992, 104) define organizational identification as person’s â€Å"perception of oneness with or belongingness to an organization, where the individual defines him or herself in terms of the organization(s) of which he or she is a member† (Mael and Ashforth 1992, 104). The resent studies prove that strong and positive organizational identification has a very positive impact on organizational behaviour and performance. In particular, employees with positive organizational identification show better pe rformance, lower absenteeism, and higher levels of job satisfaction (Riketta and van Dick 2005, 490). For that reason it might be suggested that companies devote more attention to the level and state of their employees’ organizational identification. This will improve individual performance of the people, as well as the performance of the whole organization. A research conducted by Efraty and Wolfe in 1988 tends to

Benefits of using pieces of crushed brick in the concrete Essay

Benefits of using pieces of crushed brick in the concrete - Essay Example Aggregates in the concrete make the concrete weather resistant through their design and composition. Brick can not be considered a suitable material for mixing in concrete if its weather resistance is declined. To increase the durability of concrete structures, Romans tried several materials in place of aggregates. Owing to the lower modulus of elasticity and higher tensile strength than stone aggregate concrete, brick aggregate concrete is considered a suitable option. Three different concrete mixtures were produced and tested in different conditions. The first sample group was made of 100% gravel, the second sample group contained 100% crushed bricks and the third sample group contained 50% bricks and 50% gravel. A total of 33 concrete cubes were cast, 11 from each group. The concrete cube samples were subjected to repeated cycles of the frosting and thawing process to simulate the real-world conditions. For each concrete mixture, 3 of the cubes were not frozen at all, 3 cubes unde rwent 10 freeze-thaw cycles and the last 3 cube samples were subjected to a maximum of 20 freeze-thaw cycles. The remaining 2 cubes were subjected to the oven temperatures to determine their porosity. Each concrete cube was tested for its compressive strength, and tensile strength. Brick concrete showed more compressive and tensile strength than ordinary concrete because of lower w/c ratio.

Implications of Organisational Identification Essay

Implications of Organisational Identification - Essay Example A clear and meaningful strategy supported by the staff is a key component of organization’s functional efficiency and financial success, if the organization is a for-profit business. So, the question managers frequently ask themselves is how to achieve that state of business performance when the company is totally supported by its employees in all of its goals and urges. Devotion, loyalty, hard work, passion and efficiency is what each business wishes to see in its employees. However, it is not always easy to hire or bring up employees that feel themselves as a part of the company. Still, a potential solution exists. The concept of organizational identification is what can help an employer to achieve such a goal. Since organizational identification is a rather important aspect of organizational behaviour, the goal of this paper is to research and analyse various aspect of organizational identification. In particular, the given work will present the concept of organizational id entification in relation to employees’ performance, business communication and corporate social responsibility. Body According to Dutton, Dukerich and Harquail (1994, 240), organizational identification refers to how a person perceives one’s own identity and self-concept in relation to organizational identity. It means that organizational identification is about how an individual sees oneself in the organization, how organizational goals and strategies are aligned with those of the individual. So, it can be said that organizational identification is the degree to which employees associate themselves with the employing organization, as well as what common attributes the organization and the individual have. Belonging to a certain group, such as family, race, sex, company or society, for instance, forms social identity of an individual – that is person’s knowledge and feeling of belonging to some social group (Tajfel 1972, 31). On the other hand, individual s are the ones who help such groups to survive. The positive effect of person’s feeling as a part of some group is in-group favouritism (Bartels 2006, 1). Such favouritism leads to individual’s being cooperative towards other members of the group, singling that group out, and showing corporate citizenship behaviour in an organization. So, in relation to corporate environment, such in-group favouritism is called organizational identification. Mael and Ashforth (1992, 104) define organizational identification as person’s â€Å"perception of oneness with or belongingness to an organization, where the individual defines him or herself in terms of the organization(s) of which he or she is a member† (Mael and Ashforth 1992, 104). The resent studies prove that strong and positive organizational identification has a very positive impact on organizational behaviour and performance. In particular, employees with positive organizational identification show better pe rformance, lower absenteeism, and higher levels of job satisfaction (Riketta and van Dick 2005, 490). For that reason it might be suggested that companies devote more attention to the level and state of their employees’ organizational identification. This will improve individual performance of the people, as well as the performance of the whole organization. A research conducted by Efraty and Wolfe in 1988 tends to

Job saisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job saisfaction - Essay Example This leads them to be tired and stressed out. Over a period of time, they may do the job just for the sake of doing it and not because they love to perform their work. 2. Bad bosses: If the immediate superior does not give the employee enough space to perform his or her job then it may lead to dissatisfaction in performing a job. In most cases, employees may not be given the freedom of empowerment which may affect their job satisfaction adversely. (prweb.com, 2011). 3. Reward: Most organizations fail to recognize the potential of an employee and do not equally reward them thereby leading to dissatisfaction in job. Organizations must learn to reward performance of employees. A mere pat on the back or a word of praise may help an employee to remain loyal to his work. Also the human resource team must ensure that the employees are duly appraised for their work. This will lead them to job satisfaction which in turn will affect their performance level positively. 4. Providing opportunitie s to grow: Dissatisfaction to perform a particular job may result from the fact that there are no opportunities for the employee to grow in a current organization. An employee needs to be promoted as per his or her skills and talents so that he or she can perform better. 5. Type of work: Sometimes the type of job may also be responsible for propelling dissatisfaction in job. ... Some employees may try to improve conditions by remaining in the organizations, some may protest, some may neglect the job and in extreme cases people may quit the job. (Zhou & George, 2001). A person who is dissatisfied with his job may resort to absenteeism. This is one of the most common signs which is displayed when one is not satisfied with the job. People may also show a careless attitude wherein the person does not both to take responsibility for his or her actions while performing a job. There is lack of dedication and skill in the job performed. In more severe cases, a person may cut himself or herself off from friends and colleagues and stay in alienation in the work environment. The Peter Principle is one which maintains that often persons who have been recognised and have got frequently promoted may be dissatisfied after attaining a certain level in their job. In this case, the person does not perform with the same aggressiveness and skill as he performed previously. This is due to dissatisfaction in job. (Potter, 2005). Potential interventions: There are many techniques by which job satisfaction may be restored. First of all, the human resource must see to it that the employee is given respect and rewarded for the kind of performance. This will lead him to take interest in his work. Secondly, the bosses must treat the subordinates with respect and they must use the tactics of participatory leadership. If employees are involved in the decision making process it makes them feel important and the person may be more interested in performing his or her job better. Third, the employees must be given proper compensation and benefits for the work performed. They must not be made to work for

Why Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Why Philosophy Essay This paper is about the six questions in Philosophy I gave my reasons and belief’s one why I feel a certain way on each of the questions and after reading I hope you have a better take on Why Philosophy 1. Metaphysics: what is real? Well a lot of people would say that real is anything that could be touched, seen, smelled, or tasted using one of the five senses. But as a Christian I have to disagree I believe that you have to have faith in the fact that something’s are real weather or not you can sense them with the five senses. Take heaven and hell I believe that these are very real tangible places although I never seen touch smelled or tasted either one. So how do I know it is real well faith. I have never been to the Grand Canyon but I know that it is real with that being said how we know that heaven and hell is not real. 2. Epistemology: what is the relationship between faith and reason? Reason is to believe what can be proven math and science laws of gravity and physics nothing left to the imagination if you have reason then there is no need for faith. Whereas faith is the belief in things unseen there is a lot of issue with these two and the fact that if you’re a person of reason there is no room for faith the problem with that is that science does not explain everything so there has to be room for faith I without faith life is useless and you don’t have anything to live for. 3. Ethics: Is morality culturally based individually based or is there a universal morality? I have to say that this was a tough one to answer because really the answer is all three. Culturally based morality is learned through the interactions with the people with in your culture usually starting with the parent or guardian. There is also church or the village chieftain. Then there is the individual morality this take place after you been taught and raised and then you choose what to become or what your moral code will be will you protect your fellow man or will you choose to laws of the street. You then have the most unique morality term and that is the universal morality I call this unique because it is not chosen or learn or gained through life experiences it is automatically instilled in all people. Right and wrong which universal to all the most primitive civilizations understand that it wrong to steal or to murder without ever being taught even criminals know this is wrong they choose to do the wrong and willing to except that the consequences. 4. Aesthetic: is beauty truly in the eye of the beholder, or are there some things that all cultures find beautiful? Yes Beauty is in the eye of the beholder everyone one has there on mind when it comes to what is beautiful and what is not some like roses some tulips and so own this is evident in the people we choose to marry. If everyone agreed on what was beautiful then everyone would look the same or strive to be the same people find different things that they find to beautiful. That is not to say that there are things that a culture find beautiful. Let’s take our culture for example people believe that thin woman is what the population of men find beautiful so companies use this fact to exploit that beauty putting them on TVs and billboards. 5. Political Philosophy: How much power should the government have? The government should have a minimal impact on our lives. It is not supposed to bail out private businesses increasing the national debt. The government is not supposed to control the populace it is the populace that control the government. It is not the job of the government to make the decisions for the people. That is the problem with the government today they have too much power. 6. Social Philosophy: How should humans behave in a society? Humans in most cases depend on society to live and in order to function in a society there are certain rules that apply one being laws. Also respect for the others in that particular society. Freedom of speech and some other rights are lessened due to the infringement of other people’s rights. The rules are followed because of the convenience of living in a society. Such as supper markets gas station and things like these. Now if one was to live in the wilderness most of these rules would not apply for there would be no one’s rights to intrude on allowing them to do as they please but some rights have to be given up for the sake of the better good in a society.

Positive Social Competence in Mainstream Deaf Students

Positive Social Competence in Mainstream Deaf Students A Study of Behaviors, Characteristics and Environmental Aspects Michelle Swaney Social Competence of Mainstream Deaf Students Mainstreaming of deaf students in the general education classroom has drastically increased over the past 10 to 15 years. Generally, deaf students in general education/mainstream settings demonstrate lower social competence (e.g., self-concept, self-esteem, social skills and peer relationships) (Antia, Jones, Luckner, Kreimeyer, Reed, 2011) reporting feelings of isolation and loneliness (McCain and Shirin, 2005; Gent, Goedhart, Knoors, Westenberg, Treffers, 2011) than those in inclusion settings. Considerable research has been conducted related to deaf students and low social competence (Vogel-Walcutt, Schatschneider, Bowers, 2011) in general education settings, but there is not research readily available for deaf students who have positive social competence in these settings. This study proposes to ascertain behaviors and characteristics of deaf students who exhibit positive social competence as well as environmental aspects they interact within. As mainstreaming of deaf students continues to significantly increase, having studies available that provide information about deaf students with positive levels of self-concept, self-esteem, social skills and peer relationships in the mainstream setting will greatly benefit parents and educators alike. Design This proposed design of the study will be to determine behaviors and characteristics of deaf students with positive social competence as well as environmental aspects that may lend to enhancing the students’ social competence. Questions to be considered in this study include: 1) How does the deaf student interact and communicate with hearing peers (sign language, writing notes, etc.)? 2) What is the deaf student’s level of self-concept in relation to their deafness? 3) Does the deaf student have supportive and involved parents and/or family relationships? 4) What are the characteristics of the educational classrooms and the environment for the student (e.g., do teachers willingly recognize and interact with the student)? 5) Is the deaf student involved in extra-curricular activities? Answers to each of these questions will provide guidance and help educators to determine what behaviors could be modeled, environmental changes that could be made as well as what characteri stics they should encourage in deaf students in order for more deaf students to begin to develop positive social competence in the general education setting. Participants This study will include up to 25 deaf students in the mainstream/general education setting who demonstrate positive social competence. Students will be selected from elementary, middle/junior high, and high school levels in order to determine characteristics, behaviors, and environmental aspects of these students at each interval of education. Preference will be to have 5 students at the elementary level, 8 students at the middle/junior high level, and 12 students at the high school level. Participant use of amplification (hearing aids) or whether they have a cochlear implant will also be noted in the study as well as their preferred mode of communication as this may indicate a correlational relationship with social competence. Procedure The study procedure will include both observations of the student at home as well as in the educational environment and interviews with the student, educators, and family members. The student will participate in an interview with researchers where they are asked relevant questions to provide their perspective on each of the five questions. After the interview has been conducted with the student, observation in the educational and home setting will be held in order to determine if the student’s answers are an appropriate reflection of their environments. Once the observations have taken place, researchers will also interview educators and parents/family and ask for their perspectives regarding the student on each of the five questions. Interviews and observations will be documented through researcher note-taking as well as video recording for review as needed. Follow-up will occur with elementary and middle/junior high students one-year after they have transitioned to the next level to determine if there have been any noticeable positive or negative changes in any of the five questions. Follow-up for high school students who were freshmen through juniors at the time of the study will occur mid-year of the students’ senior year in high school. This type of follow-up will provide researchers a longitudinal study that will provide a strong basis of information on positive social competence for deaf students as they transition throughout their elementary and secondary education (Wolters, Knoors, Cillessen , Verhoeven, 2012). Predictions Predictions regarding the questions of the study come from the researcher’s knowledge and understanding of the aspects of deafness. Predictions are listed for each study question. 1) How does the deaf student interact and communicate with hearing peers (sign language, writing notes, etc.)? Unless the deaf student utilizes speech, it is predicted that communication and interaction initially originates with writing notes and progresses with lip reading and then into the use of sign language if the student utilizes sign language. If the student is oral, it is highly likely that deaf students will immediately utilize speech in communication and interaction with hearing peers. 2) What is the deaf student’s level of self-concept in relation to their deafness? It is predicted that the deaf student will have a mainly positive level of self-concept in relation to their deafness. They will likely view their deafness as part of their identity rather than a disability that negatively impacts their lives. In addition, they will also be satisfied with their mode of communication, speech/language use, and amplification if used. 3) Does the deaf student have supportive and involved parents and/or family relationships? As with any child who has positive social competence, it is predicted that deaf student’s parents and families will be supportive and involved and well as have consistent ongoing communication with the student. This is not always the case for deaf students, especially with fathers as the lack of communication in the family unit occurs frequently. 4) What are the characteristics of the educational classrooms and the environment (e.g., do teachers willingly recognize and interact with the student) for the student? It is predicted that the characteristics of the educational environment will include teachers who model positive relationships and communication with the deaf student. Likely, the interpreter or other accommodations that the student utilizes are viewed in a positive light and the student is constantly encouraged to be an active member and participant. 5) Is the deaf student involved in extra-curricular activities? The prediction for this question is that a high percentage of the student participants will likely be involved in extra-curricular activities and have integrated themselves into the school culture. Implications The implications of the findings from this study have the potential to make positive changes for deaf students in the mainstream environment as it relates to their level and development of social competence. This may occur several ways: 1) by providing educators and parents with information on behaviors and characteristics that demonstrate positive social competence for deaf students in the mainstream/general education setting, 2) helping both educators and parents determine what potential environmental changes could take place in both settings that could promote positive social competence, and 3) provide deaf middle and high school students transitioning into the mainstream/general education environment with examples of deaf students who have had positive social experiences and thereby been successful in both academic and social realms of the mainstream/general education setting. References Antia, S. D., Jones, P., Kreimeyer, K. H., Luckner, J., Reed, S. (2011). Social outcomes of  students who are deaf and hard of hearing in general education classrooms. Exceptional  Children, 77 (4), 489+. Antia, S. D., McCain, K. G. (2005). Academic and social status of hearing, deaf, and hard of  hearing students participating a co-enrolled classroom. Communication Disorders  Quarterly, 27 (1), 20+. Van Gent, T. Goedhart, A. W., Knoors, H. E. T., Westenberg, P. W., Treffers, P. D. A. (2012).  Self-concept and ego development in deaf adolescents: A comparative study. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, (3), 333-351. Vogel-Walcutt, J. J., Schatschneider, C., Bowers, C. (2011). Social-emotional functioning  of elementary-age deaf children: A profile analysis  American Annals of the Deaf, 156 (1), 6-22. Gallaudet University Press. Wolters, N., Knoors, H. Cillessen, A. H. N., Verhoeven, L. (2012). Impact of peer and teacher  relations on deaf early adolescents’ well-being: Comparisons before and after a major school transition. Journal Of Deaf Studies And Deaf Education, (4), 463-482.

Society and Beauty Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Two very qualified women go to a business office for a job interview. The job entails a lot of contact with people. Both women are upbeat and perky and have almost identical experience in the field; the only major difference between the two women is the way they look. One woman is tall and slim with an attractive face. The other is a heavy-set "Plain Jane." The attractive woman got the job. Unfortunately, in society today looks are very important. It is a fact that people who are good looking have an easier time excelling in their careers and in life in general than people who are not. This is a sad and very shallow fact that shows society has really not come that far since the days of Martin Luther King, Jr. Society has moved from discriminating because of color; but what is on the outside is still what really counts to many people. She knew what she had to do before it was too late, and she rose up with difficulty and walked across the thick carpet to the bathroom, and flicked of the light... She left the water running out of habit, though this time it wasn't necessary since no one was around to hear the sounds from the bathroom. When she had finished the glass of water she lifted the lid of the toilet and knelt down before it, her face within the bowl. She pushed down of the back of her tongue in the exact right spot, and the brownish liquid gushed out of her (Chernin 30). This journal entry, written by a young woman in college, is about a typical day during her battle with an eating disorder. We live in a society where a woman can never be to thin ... ...23 May, 2000. <http://www.anred.com/defs.html> "Eating Disorder Definitions." Definitions According to Hazel. Hazel's Eating Disorder Support Center. 22 May, 2000. <http://members.aol.com/hazel16042/define.html> Epstein, Rachel. The Encyclopedia of Health: Eating Habits and Disorders. Chelsea House Publishers. New York. 1990. Jones Jr., Frank Allen. "Anorexia Nervosa." Microsoft Encarta: 1997 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1996. Moorey, James. Living With Anorexia and Bulimia. University Press. New York. 1991. Nardo, Don. Overview Series: Eating Disorders. Lucent Books, Inc. San Diego. 1991. Pipher, Mary. Hunger Pains: The Modern Woman's Tragic Quest for Thinness. Ballantine Books. New York. 1995. Sonder, Ben. Eating Disorders: When Food Turns Against You. Franklin Watts. New York. 1993.

SPIRIT LIFTER :: essays research papers

SPIRIT LIFTER >God has kept me here for a reason. >I survived because he has a plan for me. >All my bad relationships, the bad credit, the >repossessions, the death of my loved ones, >the back stabbing from my friends, the negative thoughts, >or the lack of support, I made it because I am blessed! >I release and let go of all past hurts, misunderstandings and grudges >because I am blessed! >I recognize them as the illusions they are, for God is all there is. >All else is a lie! >Now give yourself a hug, wipe your tears and walk in victory!!!!!!!! I >love you, but more appropriately God loves you BEST! Be blessed and >know that you are at one with THE SPIRIT OF THE LIVING GOD! And may the Lord >keep watch between you and me when we are away from each other. >Genesis 31:49. Amen! >Now since you are a true child of God, you know that with every >blessing, a blessing is required! So bless another, by passing this on. Have a Blessed Day. Mabel Do you Yahoo!? SPIRIT LIFTER >God has kept me here for a reason. >I survived because he has a plan for me. >All my bad relationships, the bad credit, the >repossessions, the death of my loved ones, >the back stabbing from my friends, the negative thoughts, >or the lack of support, I made it because I am blessed! >I release and let go of all past hurts, misunderstandings and grudges >because I am blessed! >I recognize them as the illusions they are, for God is all there is. >All else is a lie! >Now give yourself a hug, wipe your tears and walk in victory!!!!!!!! I >love you, but more appropriately God loves you BEST! Be blessed and

Freemasonry’s Beliefs and Their Struggle for Secrecy

The extended essay project was done on the Masonic group of people who have been an influential part of history as a whole. In this essay I am going to explore the belief system of the group. As well as demonstrate why there is much controversy surrounding the group by expressing the opposing views. The Masons basically are a group of men that have shared feelings about brotherhood, morals and community progress. These men belong to the world's largest fraternity in the world. It spans all nations, races and religions. The group as a whole is very secret. For instance the origin and the time that this group was structured is still uncertain. Many actions and activities of the group are also low key. This makes the group very vulnerable for Anti-Masonic groups. Many famous and important people in the world have belonged to the Freemasons. When criminal acts or injustices in the community take place, the Anti-Masonic groups place blame on the masons. What was found out by the research is that the secrecy of the Masonic organization is to be kept at all times. Some times extreme measures are taken to insure its secrecy. Anti-Mason groups are detrimental to the survival of the group. They dampen their progress and lower their popularity rating with the public. It is an ongoing battle that doesn't seem like it will cease any time soon. There is a society in which many people belong. Many people are your everyday people; people that run the country, people that own business to people that pass you on the street. You wouldn't know they belong to this society because they are everyday people. This society has been around since the earliest of times. The members are dedicated to brotherly love, relief for the community and strong morals. More revealingly this group can be defined as a group of men, banded together in an exclusive lodge to advance, first and foremost, their personal interests and second, the interests of the community or other members of the group (Hoselton). If you know anyone that sounds like he fits this profile they might belong to Masonry also called Freemasonry. Masonry is touted as the world's oldest and largest fraternity. Freemasonry and Masonry are interchangeable words for the same organization, which has its roots in the medieval trade guilds of stonemasons. In Freemasonry the most widely used symbols are the tools of the stonemason, a square, compass and a level. The level for example is a symbol that are men are equal and on the same level. There are signs that point to the first congregation on this organization, which is back in 926 AD, when the first lodge documents were found. There are writings and evidence that date back to the late 17th century. There is no exact answer to when this society, lodge, group first originated. Even so Freemasonry was formally created in London in 1717. The ideas and beliefs quickly spread to the American colonies and across Europe. Today, there are probably four to six million men in the fraternity (Cambell). The Masons in the mid-seventeenth century were a secret society and since they were secret there was no historical document or writings. There are basically three theories that surround their existence before it became public. The first theory is that freemasonry is as ancient as the Masonic ritual claims. It was indeed created as a result of happenings at the building of king Solomon's temple and has been passed down to us through mechanisms unknown. The second theory that scientists believe is that the development of medieval stoneman's guilds, whereby Masonic skills with stone were translated into what masons call moral improvements. The third theory is that masons rituals originally come from the Order Of The Poor Fellow- soldiers of Christ and the temple of Solomon, now better known as the Knights of Templar (Knight). One thing you will learn is that there are no exact answers when it comes to the Masons. This society is held in high regard to its secrecy. The rules and regulations are very sacred and if one is not performed or is broken than severe penalty will be placed in action. The penalties are from removal from the society to death, depending on the act. These rules and guidelines are what gave man his sense of security and sense of well-being back in the times when the world was not as civilized as it was today. When the world was not as stable as it is today and lands were forever changing hands, masons were still united because it is widespread. Masonry is not confined to one race or nationality, creeds or faiths. This organization encompasses almost everyone. In Masonry there is a meeting place for the members. This place is called a lodge. There is a set hierarchy of Lodges. All the states in the U. S have a Highest ruling lodge, The Grand Lodge. This Grand Lodge is used as the presiding lodge over all of the small branches of lodges. The jurisdiction of a Lodge determines its exact beliefs and rules. There is no higher authority than the Grand Lodge of a state. Every month there is a specific meeting for the Master Masons. This once a month meeting is named a â€Å"business meeting† (Virginia). In the lodge religion is encouraged, nothing in particular, but Christianity is the most popular in the United States. Religion though, along with politics is strictly forbidden inside the lodge. Both subjects are very controversial and would cause too much of a divide between men. One of the beliefs that the Masons have is an interesting initiation ceremony. There are a few phases to complete this process but it is what is done to each new member. It has been carried out since the creation of the fraternity so now it is just a belief. The first phase of the ceremony is when the initiate must swear his allegiance to God and his fellow Masons. When that part of the ceremony is over the second part of the initiation begins. This way the initiate can become Master Mason. He is blindfolded and is asked to act out the part of Hiram Abiff. Hiram Abiff was the murdered master in a legend of the building of King Solomon's temple. This would be the exciting section of the initiation, where all the action takes place. He must refuse to tell secrets of the Freemasons and then he is hit and knocked to the floor. This is a reenactment of Hiram's death. The third step to the process is a few more points and symbols are explained in detail to him (Cambell). The Masons are also known as a secret society. Many beliefs that they hold are absolutely forbidden from non-members and also not all Masons can know everything. This is what gives the Masons its â€Å"secret society† name, not because its underground or a small gathering. The secrets started back in the earliest times when stonemasons had special trades that they kept from everyone else. There are many types of secrets that are held in the Mason group, many types of sciences and astrology. When a Mason starts to understand the organization and â€Å"probe his unconscious† these secrets are revealed to him. One belief that the Masons have that seems as though it would be outdated by now but is still intact is the admittance of only males. The lodges of today are available to only males who are at least nineteen years of age. To be more accommodative, a separate division of the Freemasons was developed. The Eastern Star was founded in 1850 and is a group for Master Masons or people properly related to Master Masons, including women. The relation can be wife, widow, sister, daughter, mother, granddaughter, stepmother, stepdaughter, stepsister, half sister, and recently, nieces, daughters-in-law, and grandmothers (Virginia). Basically anyone who is not permitted into the lodge meetings but has relation to a Master Mason can be admitted. The lodges are divided into chapters and there are eighteen offices to be filled in each chapter. Men or women can fill these positions. The head of the chapter is deemed the title Worthy Matron. To gain the membership required, each member must agree to belief in a supreme being. Although, the New and Old Testaments are both part of the five degrees. This makes the Eastern Star a particularly Christian group (Virginia). Since, the Eastern Star is a sort of division of the Masons, this must make them a particularly Christian group (Mackey). Since the Freemasons group of extreme size, controversies are always surrounding them. There is also a great deal of controversy that stems from the secretive nature of the Freemasons. Many prominent figures including founding fathers and presidents have been Masons, and in some cases Freemasons have been accused of giving other Masons unfair advantages in job promotion, and also controlling decisions in government by being a sort of underground government themselves (Virginia). A large part of joining the masons is having that advantage of job promotion over non-mason coworkers (Dumenil, 23). The biggest controversy concerning the Freemasons took place in the United States during the early 1800's. In 1826, one man decided he was going to publish a book that contained all of the secrets that's the Masonic society had hidden. This man was, Captain William Morgan, a regular member of the Masonic society. The place that the book was being published was burned to the ground and the Captain suddenly disappeared. There are many different endings to this story that go around today, but it is said that he was captured by the Masons and killed. Most Masons today say that is not what happened, but Morgan really left the country and went to Canada. It was noted by a anti-Masonic group that a year later the body was found in a harbor. Other accounts say that his body was never found. What the real truth may be is irrelevant. The fact that these stories set the Masons back a step in popularity is important part. There was even an anti-Masonic presidential candidate in the 1820's (Mackey and McClenachen, 508). Protecting secrets is not the only type of controversy that the Freemasons get into. Since they are so large they have contacts and members in all aspects of society. Masons are blamed and accused of all types of other functions and mishaps. During the presidential election of Quincy Adams and Jackson, Adams blamed the mason group when he was not chosen for the presidency. There are writings linking the Freemasons to President Lincoln's assassination, beliefs of Nazi Germany, the murder of Pope John Paul I, establishing the Ku Klux Klan, the Jack the Ripper Murders in England, the JFK assassination conspiracy, and many others (Virginia). All across the world different events have been blamed on their members. These actions might possibly be blamed on the Masons unrightfully. This might be due to their large size and underground secret society, which makes them an easy target to blame. Especially if there is no real suspect is unknown. Most of these accounts do not seem to have much well supported evidence. One thing that does lead one to believe a Mason might kill someone or cheat them out of a position in the work force is the type of penalties they enforce. The Masons preach that they are all about brotherly love and doing good deeds for their fellow members and the community around them; but when you read the types of penalties that they will enforce you have to second-guess the purpose of the group. If one of the members happens to slip and tell the secrets of Freemasonry there are many penalties. The penalties include very vulgar acts which are tearing one's tongue out by the roots, plucking one's heart from its breast, and having one's body cut in two with the entrails burned to ashes (Virginia). This type of language has caused much anti-Masonic sentiment. To be a part of the Mason society it is said that you need to believe in a higher power or god. It is not specified which one to believe in, it does not matter. This issue has some people disturbed; especially Catholics and Methodists who are historically opposed to Masonry. Roman Catholics ban masonry due to the types of oaths and its sincere secrecy. The Methodists have to condemned it as well for the same reasons. Christians have also been very disturbed by Masonry's mixing of beliefs. This would be both pagan and Christian beliefs together. Representing the Pagan solar gods are the Bible, the compass and the square. These are also the Three Great Lights of Masonry (Virginia). There are many other possible examples of mixing religions, which disturbs some members of Evangelical Christian churches (Cambell, 75-76). A recent controversy involves the history of the Freemasons. Some say that Freemasons didn't come from medieval stonemason unions. They have come to the presumption that it has emerged from the Knights of the Templar, a privileged class of soldier monks in Medieval Europe. The Knights were attacked by many authorities for their knowledge of the Muslim and Jewish religions, and in 1307, King Philippe IV of France ordered their arrest and a raid of their preceptories. They supposedly escaped to Scotland with all of their treasures and these scholars say that Freemasonry evolved from the Knights Templar traditions (Virginia). These ideas are offered instead of the stonemason history that the Freemasons tell (Knight). There are Masons at all levels of work force especially in the government. It helps when you are trying to get elected and you are a Mason; but even so there is also a drawback to being a Mason. There are always people who try to find the hole in the system and take what you have earned. For example in 1829, under public pressure, the New York state senate investigated freemasonry and reported that wealthy and powerful masons were found at every level of government. Opponents of President Andrew Jackson, who was a freemason, took advantage of the scandal to form the Anti-Masonic party, the first time a third party was created in the United States. Anti-Masonic candidates were successful in state and local elections but failed to unseat Jackson in 1832. By the late 1830's the Anti-Masonic party had turned to agitation against slavery and the strictly anti Jackson members joined the Whigs. This was a serious blow that took decades for the Masons to recover from (Dumenil). Most of these problems that the Freemasons have are due to the emergence of the Anti-Masonic society. Those who were not offered membership or could not obtain it had jealousy and greed grow inside them. The rest just didn't know how to become a member. The figured it was a group of elites that belong to a secret society and it was nothing but full of evil and conspiracies. This guessing game and non-members jealousy served as the fuel for igniting and inciting hatred for the unknown. The only thing left was for three groups to keep the fire burning. First of all, politicians used this to gain popularity, but making false accusations did this. Thurlow Weed was the most successful and most damaging in his use of the incident and to claim that he was the savior, â€Å"riding in on a shiny white horse† (MIT). William Seward of Auburn and Millard Fillmore of Moravia made hay of the fiasco and gained political clout by using the Morgan affair as an issue (MIT). Secondly, the clergy also lowered themselves to this level of demagoguery. Even former members of the Fraternity saw in this an opportunity to claim that the Freemasons were evil and that only in the church could souls be saved. The clergy knew full well that Freemasonry was not in the business of saving souls. The third mechanism, which grabbed an opportunity to gain notoriety and to sell newspapers, was the press. New papers were born regularly with the one objective, to sell newsprint by leveling accusations at the Fraternity. Any dirt would do despite its veracity. The anti-Masonic movement in itself was a sort of lie, it was a conspiracy to promote certain people or groups at the cost of freemasons. The press could make money. The clergy saw people converting. Lastly, the politicians had an opportunity to promote themselves (MIT). The times were ripe for suspicion and distrust. Uncultivated egos led people to believe that only their church, their politics, their way of life was the correct one. Others were ignorant and in the dark. (Marrs, 17) The masons as a society are very secretive and extremely widespread. The society is formed on the basis that brotherly love, belief in religion and helping the community are musts. These characteristics don't make the masons seem like they have any wrongdoing in their actions and so fourth. Even so there is is much criticism of the freemasons as a group. There have been numerous attacks against freemasons and what the supposedly have hidden from the rest of society. The most potentially damaging attacks of this century have come in the past two or three years. People have tried to convince society that freemasonry is rooted in heresy. Even in the face of extreme large amounts of criticism the masons have chosen to remain silent and not release any secrets. Whatever the actions were, or the motives have been they have always allowed themselves to be easy targets. It seems that the masons have been deliberately accused of certain things therefore they will gain the reputation that will put them under. Whether another society has done this to them is unknown. Everything seems to denounce the Order of the Masons. It is probably not long before the masons come out and set the record straight, rather than just accept the blows of criticism. They rely on their acts of reconciliation and following the principles of brotherhood, relief and truth, which is not enough to keep the largest fraternity in the world operating. It is very amazing that a group of people could persevere through the trials and tribulations that they have been through. It was very hard to gather reliable and large amounts of information because of the secrecy. What was learned is that this group operates for nothing but the good of themselves and others. Many very important figures of the world were members of this organization. This is a reason why there is so much controversy surrounding this group. All in all, its been the most successful attempt at a unified group or â€Å"secret society. â€Å"

Monotheistic Religions Essay

In what ways is the Holy Land an important site for all three monotheistic faiths? Jerusalem is a home to holy sites that are sacred to the three religions. The city contains many houses of worship. It is also a place of ongoing tensions between religious and ethnic groups. The three major monotheistic religions are sometimes described as branches of the same family tree. If this is true, how would you describe the trunk of the tree? All three major monotheistic religions claim they began with Abraham. Judaism and Christianity claim that their founders descended from Abraham’s son Isaac. Islam claims descent through his other son, Ishmael. How are the three major holy books of the monotheistic faiths both similar and different? All three faiths have the similar messages from the Holy Book that there is only one god. For all three faiths they have different names for their Holy Book; Torah, Bible, Qur’an. How are the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike? All three religions only believe in one god. Jews, Christians, and Muslims honor the Ten Commandments. Followers of all three religions practice some type of fasting. Typically all three involve in prayer and worship with other followers. Afterlife is believed by the three religions. All three faiths hold that humans have a soul. What types of internal differences and divisions exist within each religion? Major Jewish sects include Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. Christianity has many denominations but the largest branches are Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. The Islamic world is largely divided between two major groups, Sunni and Shi’a Islam. What characteristics and beliefs of the three religions make them different? Each have a different main holy book. Religious leaders are a rabbi, priest/minister/pope/, and imam. Their house of worship also differ.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

Assignment - Essay Example This gave me more chances to listen to other songs and become more critical about music. Moreover, my readings enabled me understand deeper what have been discussed and to discover other materials that are helpful in understanding harmony, melody and rhythm. I also learned to listen more carefully and become more observant about instrumentation. For instance, when I listen to a song, I try to identify the instruments used without looking at the performers. In this manner, I also learned to distinguish what instruments are vital and what could be a good combination of instruments that could be used to create beautiful melodies. I learned to become more observant not only in the music that I listen to but also on how musicians perform. Movements indeed are essential as it has been observed in most successful performers because body movements help to relate the message of the song to the listeners. Today, I am not just able to enjoy music but I also have the confidence to attempt to cre ate my own music with the understanding I have gained in the

Applied data management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applied data management - Essay Example The steps for quality assurance of data included maintain electronic records backed by registers, reviewing the records on a periodic basis and validating the records. The compliance with the set standards was effected with the help of a feedback system both internal and external to the organization. It has been evaluated that the research findings indicate the role of information provided by the consultants as well as the customers in identifying the gaps in the process of quality assurance. This information allows the company to take necessary steps in filling the identified gaps in the system and achieve the desired benchmark standards recommended under the Quality Assurance Procedures. The action of quality control is a part of the quality assurance strategy that focused on producing outputs which are in line with the set standards. The highest standard of data management helped the company to provide excellent services to the customers and in the process meet the expectations of the customers. When the customer service exceeded the desired expectation, the standards of data management were raised in the process. The evaluation of the reports suggests the contribution of quality assurance strategy in data management to achieve continuous improvement by leveraging on technology, recycling of wastes, optimal utilization of resources, etc. Benefits of Quality Assurance Procedures The Quality Assurance Procedures in the company helped to put in place, a systematic sequence of activities that are aimed at improving the standard of operations, the presence of a feedback loop aimed to provide inputs on the prevailing gaps between the actual activities and the set standards. The benefits of the Quality Assurance Procedures are also applicable in the field of storage and maintenance of documents in the company and it largely impacts the way in which the documents are produced by the members of the company. The series of systematic activities under the Quality Assura nce Strategy provides the members a plan of action for developing and implementing the best standards of maintenance of documents in the company and improving on the quality control stage for removing the errors in the process (Chorafas, 2012, p.49). This internal activity of the company helps the members to deliver excellent level of professional services to the customers who form the external environment. The members are able to meet the expectations of the customers through data maintenance and service delivery of the highest quality. The point at which the members are able to apply the data management techniques at a level that exceeds the customer’s expectations, the company would be able to better the standards of data management on a higher scale. The various standard practices of keeping back-up data for electronic records, reviewing the data on a periodic basis and updating the records, retaining documents and completing service delivery within a finite duration, val idating the recorded data are all important data management techniques that would help the company to provide high quality of customer service on a timely basis (Watson, 2008, p.41). The Quality Assur

The Sadhu case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Sadhu case - Essay Example Eventually, the Sadhu gained the energy to walk by himself. The theories include moral relativism, categorical imperative, utilitarian, ethical egoism, and divine command (Jennings 13). In moral relativism, one assesses the prevailing situation and resolves to take an action that will be justified by the pressure of the moment. All the groups and individuals abandoned the Sadhu after giving him all the necessary assistance and realizing that he would move on his own. They had to move before the road was cleared by melting snow. Their need to get back their way before they could lose it justified their actions to abandon the Sadhu. The theory of categorical imperative was also evident among all the groups and individuals. They all helped the Sadhu even when they could not benefit anything from their actions. However, they were influenced by the fact that they expected to be treated in a similar manner should they find themselves in a needy situation like that of the Sadhu. According to the theory of utilitarian, people should chose make a decision with maximum benefits and minimum harms when resolving ethical dilemmas. One of the New Zealanders identified the body of the Sadhu and did his best to take him down the mountain before he met McCoy. He dumped the body of the Sadhu before McCoy and resumed back to climbing the mountain with his friends (Jennings 6). That was the best he could do because he was supposed to cross the pass before sun could melt the ice. Ethical egoism is evident when Pasang refused to allow the porters to carry the Sadhu because they would not have enough energy to cross the pass after carrying the Sadhu to the hut. Pasang heavily relied on the porters to carry his luggage. The divine command theory is based on the idea that ethics is defined by religious beliefs. Stephen was a staunch Christians who believed in putting the interests of others before his own interests. He managed to assists the Sadhu even though he

What is the operating system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is the operating system - Essay Example only simple pointer acting according to our commands, but actually there is a whole software program that is running behind the scenes, and is controlling all its moves. That software program is the OS. When we purchase a computer system, it may or may not have an OS in it. The user has to install it. There are different types of OS, which have come over the period. For example, Windows 2000/XP/7 (types of Windows OS which is the most common OS developed by Microsoft, compatible with PC and IBM), Apple Mac OS (which is the only OS introduced by and for Apple), Ubuntu Linux (PC and IBM compatible, a variant of Linux), Google Android (which is a new OS that goes with smart phones that support Android functionalities), and iOS (for Apple iPhones). Hence, OS can be found not only in computers, but also in small electronic devices like mobile phones nowadays. Discussion about OS cannot be completed with an account of how to install an OS. Suppose that you have to install Windows 7. Place Windows 7 DVD in the DVD-ROM, and start the PC. This starts Windows 7 booting, followed by a progress bar. A screen appears that asks for language, time and currency format, and also the input method. After inserting user settings, click the install option after reading the license terms. Select Custom (Advanced) option, and disregard the Upgrade option to do a clean install. Select the appropriate drive where the Windows files will be installed. Windows 7 will start copying files to the hard disk while rebooting the system a few times in a number of steps. PC reboots from the DVD, since it is the first boot device. After the reboot, select the computer name and the username. An account with the name of administrator will be created. Now, select password and password hint for the administrator’s account. Type the product key, although you can stil l proceed but that will be a trial version then. Windows will have to be activated within the next thirty days. Review your settings,

Art History Greek Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art History Greek Art - Essay Example (51.6 cm). It has the following description: "This kouros is one of the earliest marble statues of a human figure carved in Attica. The rigid stance, with the left leg forward and arms at the side, was derived from Egyptian art. The pose provided a clear, simple formula that was used by Greek sculptors throughout the sixth century B.C. In this early figure, geometric, almost abstract forms predominate, and anatomical details are rendered in beautiful analogous patterns. The statue marked the grave of a young Athenian aristocrat." (metmuseum.org). The creator is unknown and it is a statue of a standing nude youth that did not represent any one individual youth but the idea of youth. It was used in Archaic Greece as both a dedication to the gods in sanctuaries and as a grave monument, the standard kouros stood with his left foot forward, arms at his sides, looking straight ahead. Carved in from four sides, the statue retained the general shape of the marble block. Archaic Greek sculpto rs reduced human anatomy and musculature in these statues to decorative patterning on the surface of the marble. The kouros embodies many of the ideals of the aristocratic culture of Archaic Greece. One such ideal of this period was arete, a combination of moral and physical beauty and nobility. Arete was closely connected with kalokagathia, literally a composite term for beautiful and good or noble. Writing in the mid 500s B.C., the Greek poet Theognis summed this idea up as "What is beautiful is loved, and what is not is unloved." In a society that emphasized youth and male beauty, the artistic manifestation of this world view was the kouros. Indeed, when the poet Simonides wrote about arete in the late 500s, he used a metaphor seemingly drawn from the kouros: "In hand and foot and mind alike foursquare/ fashioned without flaw" (getty.edu). Looking closely at the Kouros, one can see how the artist was struggling to represent the complex anatomical details of the body. It has some Egyptian such as the knee and wrist. "But he has cut lines into the lower legs to show the calf muscles, even though the human form has no such incisions, and from the back, the shoulders appear as a simple, flat plane, with just a linear indication for the shoulder planes. The artist wasn't able to convey the complex swellings of these forms. On the head, all the features are placed on the front plane, leaving flat sides with an ear placed much too far back. This is a mistake many beginning art students make. But he has made a beautiful design of the complex structure of an ear, and turned the curly long hair into lovely strings of beads" (ancient-greece.org). The kouros is controversial because of some features which were not in line with the age it was created. At a conference in 1992, art historians and scientists on the authenticity of the kouros. The question remains: "Is it an archaic Greek statue with a faked provenance, or a forgery with a faked provenance" (itarp.uiuc.edu). On the other hand, the Standing Female Figure dates back to ca. 2600-2400 B.C.; Early Cycladic II Cycladic; Keros-Syros culture. It is made of marble with the size H. 24 3/4 in. (62.8 cm) and is said to be a gift of Christos G. Bastis in 1968 (68.148). This early Cycladic sculpture is said to be of the Spedos variety, the most common and most widely distributed form in Cycladic marble art.

Save the Tiger Essay Example for Free

Save the Tiger Essay This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) Save the Tiger is a 1973 film about moral conflict in contemporary America. It stars Jack Lemmon, Jack Gilford, Laurie Heineman, Thayer David, Lara Parker and Liv Lindeland. The film was directed by John G. Avildsen. The screenplay was adapted by Steve Shagan from his novel of the same title (the first book by the author of The Formula and other thrillers, and generally regarded to be his most successful novel by literary standards). Lemmon won an Academy Award for his role as Harry Stoner, an executive at a Los Angeles apparel company on the edge of ruin. Throughout the film, Stoner struggles with the complexity of modern life versus the simplicity of his youth. He longs for the days when pitchers wound up, jazz filled the air, and the flag was more than a pattern to put on a pants pocket. He wrestles with the guilt of surviving the war and yet losing touch with the ideals for which his friends died. To Harry Stoner, the world has given up on integrity, and threatens to destroy anyone who clings to it. He is caught between watching everything he has worked for evaporate, or becoming another grain of sand in the erosion of the values he once held so dear. Plot A bleak story that depicts an outwardly successful man questioning the value of the material prosperity he is desperately trying to maintain, it follows the uncertain path of Harry Stoner, the real tiger (Jack Lemmon), an executive at an apparel company close to ruin. With no legal way to keep the company from going under, Stoner considers torching his warehouse for the insurance settlement. Meanwhile, he drinks, laments the state of the world, and tries his best to keep the business rolling as usual. This last task is complicated when a client has a heart attack in the arms of a prostitute provided by Stoner. With nerves still shaky, Stoner takes the stage at the premiere of his companys new line, only to be overcome by war memories. He ends the day spontaneously deciding to go home with a young, free-spirited hitchhiker, whose ignorance of his generation underscores his isolation from the world around him. At the end of the film, Stoner agrees to the warehouse getting torched and then walks by a Little League game and attempts to act as pitcher to the children. One child shouts out, You cant play with us, Mister! , leaving Stoner yet again isolated from another part of society. Production and reception The movie was written by Steve Shagan and directed by John G. Avildsen. Lemmon was determined to make the movie, despite its limited commercial prospects, and so he waived his usual salary and worked for scale. The movie was filmed in sequence after three weeks of rehearsal in Los Angeles. There is also a novel version of Save the Tiger, by Shagan: the title comes from a campaign to save tigers from extinction to which Stoner contributes. The movie failed financially at the box office, but critics and viewers who saw it liked the Oscar-winning performance of Jack Lemmon as Stoner. Why should we save tigers? At the turn of the 20th century, according to estimates, India probably had many thousand tigers in the wild. In 2002, based on a census using the pug mark technique, this number was 3,642. As per the monitoring exercise by Wildlife Institute of India in association with National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), Government of India, using camera traps, in 2008 we were left with only 1,411 tigers. This number is so small that they will be gone soon if we don’t wake up to the crisis. The tiger is not just a charismatic species or just another wild animal living in some far away forest. The tiger is a unique animal which plays a pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem. It is a top predator which is at the apex of the food chain and keeps the population of wild ungulates in check, thereby maintaining the balance between prey herbivores and the vegetation upon which they feed. Therefore, the presence of tigers in the forest is an indicator of the well being of the ecosystem. The extinction of this top predator is an indication that its ecosystem is not sufficiently protected, and neither would it exist for long thereafter. If the tigers go extinct, the entire system would collapse. For e. . when the Dodos went extinct in Mauritius, one species of Acacia tree stopped regenerating completely. So when a species goes extinct, it leaves behind a scar, which affects the entire ecosystem. Another reason why we need to save the tiger is that our forests are water catchment areas. Therefore, it’s not just about saving a beautiful animal. It is about making sure that we live a little longer as the forests are known to provide ecological services like cl ean air, water, pollination, temperature regulation etc.

Shiseidos Brief History Essay Example for Free

Shiseidos Brief History Essay In 1902, Arinobu was inspired to introduce the American culture to the Japanese public by bringing the Japan’s first soda fountain. The fortune was on his side as it later grew into the Shiseido Parlour restaurant business which makes him introduce another rare production in Japan at the time, ice cream. The foundation of Shiseido laid over a century ago, its pioneering spirit that combines eastern aesthetics with western science and business technology, continues to live on today to serves as the underlying philosophy of Shiseido’s corporate activities. Shiseido established it Five Management Principles in 1921. Quality First: Shiseidos constant quest for the highest possible quality standards has supported its activities for close to a century. Coexistence and Co-prosperity: Shiseido seeks to share its benefits with all companies and individuals associated with Shiseido. Respect for Consumers: Shiseido pursuits must be thoroughly consumer-oriented. Corporate Stability: Shiseido must be built on a firm infrastructure with long-range goals. Sincerity: Shiseido business transactions must be conducted loyally, honestly, and respectfully. In 1923, Shiseido began forming its chain store network. To meet its five management principles, the storeowners were provided special training to assure that consumers across the nation could enjoy products and service of consistent high standards. With their high spirit and commitment, the network has grown to approximately 25,000 outlets today. On June 14th of 1927, Shiseido, formerly a limited partnership, became a joint stock company under Arinobu Fukuhara’s third son, Shinzo’s leadership. Shiseidos first president, Shinzo Fukuhara graduated from Columbia Universitys Faculty of Medicine. During his stay in the United States, from 1908, he worked at a suburban New York drugstore and later a cosmetics factory of an American pharmaceutical manufacturer. Under his leadership, the groundwork for a distinctive Shiseido approach to business and creation was formed. To serve Shiseido’s loyal customers better, they have formed the Camellia Club in 1937. Corresponding with formation of the club, Shiseido issued a fashion periodical, HANATSUBAKI (Camellia). The magazine takes its roots from Japan’s first cultural magazines by a cosmetics company, which were issued by Shiseido from 1924 for distribution to customers through the nationwide network of chain stores. This magazine offered articles on domestic and overseas fashion, travel, and the arts. Essays and commentaries by leading literary figures of the time were also featured in this magazine, which is still issued on a monthly basis by Shiseido today. The Japanese Camellia Club has grown to boast a membership of approximately 9 million members presently. In the year of Malaysia’s independence, 1957, Shiseido has taken their first step overseas in Taiwan with exports to Singapore and Hong Kong following closely after. In 1962, Shiseido expanded to Hawaii and in 1965; it established Shiseido Cosmetics America to commence sales in the mainland. European sales began with Italy in 1968 and officially in Oceania with New Zealand in 1971. Stepping into 1980’s, Shiseido has realized the importance of brand image and Serge Lutens from France was being appointed as its international image creator in order to support its expanding global distribution network. Shiseido’s history of advertising and image creation has always been one of evolution and renewal. When Shiseido sought new global imagery for its international marketing it turned in an entirely advanced direction, that of a collaboration with Serge Lutens who established a reputation as a hair and makeup artist for Vogue. As we can see from the brief background of Shiseido in the early years, they have diversified their business from pharmacy to restaurant and gradually into cosmetics and toiletries. Today, Shiseido sales are mainly generated from its main business category of cosmetics, which makes up about 78. 4% of total sales with toiletries at 10. 7% and other categories such as salon, products, foods and pharmaceuticals at 10. 9%. 26% of total consolidated sales were generated by Shiseido’s international activities in fiscal year 2004. Individual shareholders constitute more than 97% of the total number of shareholders, an exceedingly high percentage for a major Japanese company. Marketing its products in 65 countries and regions globally including Europe and Americas as well as Asia/Oceania, Shiseido aims to become â€Å"a global player representing Asia with its origins in Japan. † To become a â€Å"global player†, Shiseido has taken the international business challenges integrating with the operations performance objectives into their global operations in the early years. Reviewing their 5 management principles written in 1921, it was pretty similar with the operation performance objectives in trend today.